Your thoughts...
― Arien, Friday, 22 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
That is all.
― Dan Perry, Friday, 22 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
― Ned Raggett, Friday, 22 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
― di, Friday, 22 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
Destroy it big time!
― mt, Saturday, 23 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
― Peter Miller, Saturday, 23 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
that girrl is poison
― rinse, Saturday, 23 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
― phil, Sunday, 24 February 2002 01:00 (twenty-three years ago)
― Dave M. (rotten03), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:07 (twenty-two years ago)
― di smith (lucylurex), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:12 (twenty-two years ago)
struggling to think of the actual good stuff here...
related:MN8 'I've Got A Little Something For You' (still better than anything by Blue)
and lets not forget the New Jill Swing
SWV 'I'm So Into You'Mary J Blige 'Real Love'TLC 'Aint Too Proud To Beg'Jade 'Don't Walk Away'
― stevem (blueski), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:28 (twenty-two years ago)
― di smith (lucylurex), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:31 (twenty-two years ago)
― Mr. Diamond (diamond), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:32 (twenty-two years ago)
― gaz (gaz), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:33 (twenty-two years ago)
― J0hn Darn1elle (J0hn Darn1elle), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:37 (twenty-two years ago)
hey di, is Poison the best BBD alb?
― Dave M. (rotten03), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:37 (twenty-two years ago)
― stevem (blueski), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:38 (twenty-two years ago)
― Dave M. (rotten03), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:38 (twenty-two years ago)
― stevem (blueski), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:39 (twenty-two years ago)
― Curt1s St3ph3ns, Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:39 (twenty-two years ago)
can i just mention that "wanna get with you" and "do me right" by guy are fucking brilliant. its a shame guy never took off in nz.
― di smith (lucylurex), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:40 (twenty-two years ago)
As Ice Cube so eloquently said: you can new jack swiiiiiing on my nuts!
― Shakey Mo Collier, Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:40 (twenty-two years ago)
― di smith (lucylurex), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:42 (twenty-two years ago)
― stevem (blueski), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:45 (twenty-two years ago)
― stevem (blueski), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:46 (twenty-two years ago)
― gaz (gaz), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:47 (twenty-two years ago)
― J0hn Darn1elle (J0hn Darn1elle), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:47 (twenty-two years ago)
― Shakey Mo Collier, Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:48 (twenty-two years ago)
― stevem (blueski), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:52 (twenty-two years ago)
― gaz (gaz), Thursday, 27 March 2003 23:59 (twenty-two years ago)
― Dave M. (rotten03), Friday, 28 March 2003 08:03 (twenty-two years ago)
― Tad (llamasfur), Friday, 28 March 2003 08:11 (twenty-two years ago)
― Dave M. (rotten03), Friday, 28 March 2003 08:14 (twenty-two years ago)
― Dave M. (rotten03), Friday, 28 March 2003 08:18 (twenty-two years ago)
Did anyone mention Johnny Gill's "Rub You The Right Way" yet? This thread makes me realize that NJS totally owned my ass in the late 80s / early 90s. And Ice Cube is a dull ol' punk ass bitch. Ice T, on the other hand, knew what was up (cf. "New Jack Hustler").
― David R. (popshots75`), Friday, 28 March 2003 19:44 (twenty-two years ago)
― stevem (blueski), Friday, 28 March 2003 19:47 (twenty-two years ago)
― The Lady Ms Lurex (lucylurex), Sunday, 25 July 2004 22:54 (twenty-one years ago)
wow, this is my youth's musical listening encapsulated in one mere ILXOR thread. i can recommend millions of great new jack swing songs, but i wont do it now, as i have to go to bed. i wish all of it's production values hadnt dated so horribly but other than that, i still have a special place in my heart for new jack swing or swingbeat, if you prefer. this thread makes me wanna go and break out the first BBD album.
― thesplooge (thesplooge), Sunday, 25 July 2004 23:09 (twenty-one years ago)
please please please don't you forget to do that tomorrow!!
― The Lady Ms Lurex (lucylurex), Sunday, 25 July 2004 23:13 (twenty-one years ago)
― The Lex (The Lex), Sunday, 25 July 2004 23:24 (twenty-one years ago)
some stuff off the top of my head (sorry if i cant remember all the album titles, i will have a look through my collection to see anything i missed):
samuel - do you like what you seeanything by the group basic blackanything from guy's first two albumsanything from bell biv devoe's first albumjohnny gill - rub you the right wayjohnny gill - wrap my body tight (the jazzie b mix especially) (anything from his first album will do though)wrecks n effect - new jack swingwrecks in effect - rump shakeren vogue - first albumkaryn white - first albumpebbles - first albumtoday - first albumblackstreet - the first (post-NJS) album, though seek out the original CB4 soundtrack version of baby be mine as that was the best version the boys - dial my heartbobby brown - dont be cruelSWV - last album (make sure you get the im so into you teddy riley 12" remix)keith sweat - make it last forever albumr kelly's first album with public announcement - born into the 90s (he was still kinda apeing aaron hall on this one)
― thesplooge (thesplooge), Monday, 26 July 2004 09:21 (twenty-one years ago)
― thesplooge (thesplooge), Monday, 26 July 2004 09:26 (twenty-one years ago)
― dog latin (dog latin), Monday, 26 July 2004 09:27 (twenty-one years ago)
― thesplooge (thesplooge), Monday, 26 July 2004 09:38 (twenty-one years ago)
― dog latin (dog latin), Monday, 26 July 2004 09:47 (twenty-one years ago)
― thesplooge (thesplooge), Monday, 26 July 2004 13:42 (twenty-one years ago)
― dog latin (dog latin), Monday, 26 July 2004 16:23 (twenty-one years ago)
― thesplooge (thesplooge), Monday, 26 July 2004 16:26 (twenty-one years ago)
Best genre ever
― Dom Passantino, Friday, 16 November 2007 13:50 (eighteen years ago)
CLASSIC TO THE MAX
― titchyschneiderMk2, Friday, 16 November 2007 13:59 (eighteen years ago)
Hip hop smoothed out on an R'n'B tip?
― carne asada, Friday, 16 November 2007 14:05 (eighteen years ago)
something titchy likes!
― Tracer Hand, Friday, 16 November 2007 15:03 (eighteen years ago)
"if i had no loot" by tony toni tone is my favorite new jack swing song
if i had no loot is prob the only NJS song with steel (i think) guitar.
guy's first album is probably the all time best NJS album.
― titchyschneiderMk2, Friday, 16 November 2007 15:05 (eighteen years ago)
Classic, and I don't get why this production style is viewed as "dated". I still think that brittle bounce sounds great, e.g. MJ's Dangerous, BBV, and so on. I mean it's not a sound you hear much in new music in 2007, but is that all people mean when they call New Jack Swing dated? 'Cos then all sorts of sounds are dated, e.g. southern soul; but I don't read people calling Otis Redding's sound "dated".
― Euler, Friday, 16 November 2007 15:12 (eighteen years ago)
it just sounds a bit cheesier. blame it on the synths.
― titchyschneiderMk2, Friday, 16 November 2007 15:19 (eighteen years ago)
blame it on the rain
― carne asada, Friday, 16 November 2007 15:19 (eighteen years ago)
Nuttin Nyce - Down 4 Whateva (shit sound quality tho, can't hear the low range)
Smooth - Mind Blowin' (should be faster than this, really like the production anyway)
― blueski, Friday, 16 November 2007 15:40 (eighteen years ago)
despite not really having had any time for this music, you folks are making me want this : http://antidoterecords.co.uk/releases/ANTCD119.htm am i crazy - or it a good set ?
― mark e, Friday, 16 November 2007 15:43 (eighteen years ago)
The clean production and (more apparent now) lineage from '80s funk/soul are the aspects beginning to make it sound less dated now than it did five years ago.
On the other hand the exaggerated 16th triplets of the drum and hihat programming are what still make it sound dated. We're currently in an era of straight 16ths, for the most part, but fashions change and that shuffle will come back at some point.
― dubmill, Friday, 16 November 2007 16:07 (eighteen years ago)
JUST GOT PAID FRIDAY NIGHT
― Alfred, Lord Sotosyn, Friday, 16 November 2007 16:08 (eighteen years ago)
-- Tracer Hand, Friday, November 16, 2007 7:03 AM (Friday, November 16, 2007 7:03 AM) Bookmark Link
YOU CAN NEW JACK SWING ON MY NUTSACK!
― The Reverend, Friday, 16 November 2007 23:26 (eighteen years ago)
-- dubmill, Friday, November 16, 2007 8:07 AM (Friday, November 16, 2007 8:07 AM) Bookmark Link
fwiw, UK Garage and descendant genres have the same exaggerated triplet feel.
― The Reverend, Friday, 16 November 2007 23:28 (eighteen years ago)
Yes, in Garage/House I would say that rhythmic inflexion originated with Strictly Rhythm style NY house (c. 1990-92), ie round about the same time as NJS in r&b. You can hear it in things like 808 State's 'Pacific State' as well but the Strictly Rhythm American house music (sometimes referred to as 'bumpy house' in the UK back in those days) was the roots of Speed Garage, then 'UK Garage' etc. etc. (it always amuses me that 'garage' started out as one thing and eventually evolved into something entirely different, ie 'garage' / 'grime' as it is now).
― dubmill, Friday, 16 November 2007 23:35 (eighteen years ago)
New Jack Swing Gold came out a month ago on Hip-O. need need need
― Matos W.K., Friday, 16 November 2007 23:59 (eighteen years ago)
-- The Reverend, Friday, November 16, 2007 5:26 PM (33 minutes ago) Bookmark Link
came to this thread to post this
― deej, Saturday, 17 November 2007 00:01 (eighteen years ago)
SWV ft Wu Tang Clan - Anything (Old Skool Remix)
Essential.
― Dom Passantino, Saturday, 17 November 2007 10:16 (eighteen years ago)
teddy Riley remixes of I'm So Into You - more classic.
― titchyschneiderMk2, Saturday, 17 November 2007 21:50 (eighteen years ago)
"if the shoe fits, i want you to wear it and wear it good"
― Mr. Snrub, Monday, 19 November 2007 02:55 (eighteen years ago)
No mention of "Can't Stop" by After 7?
"I'm diggin' on you, you diggin' on me, we diggin' on we."
― Mr. Snrub, Monday, 19 November 2007 02:58 (eighteen years ago)
New Jack Swing is dated as fuck.
― Mr. Snrub, Monday, 19 November 2007 02:59 (eighteen years ago)
my friend (white) is pregnant, her boyfriend is puerto rican, and her top choices for names are: giovanni davante
davante?!
-- tehresa (tehresa), Monday, April 11, 2005 9:01 PM (Monday, April 11, 2005 9:01 PM) Bookmark Link
― gabbneb, Sunday, 10 February 2008 18:00 (seventeen years ago)
Bring it back for the 08, plz.
― Bodrick III, Sunday, 10 February 2008 22:07 (seventeen years ago)
zomg put it on vh1 soul now
― The Brainwasher, Sunday, 29 June 2008 03:57 (seventeen years ago)
njs marathon A-Z
they played like 10 big daddy kane videos
now they're on boys 2 men
Awesome, it's like being in 3rd grade again.
― burt_stanton, Sunday, 29 June 2008 05:57 (seventeen years ago)
this is better than any modern R&B compilation. been playing it lots today.
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41A48SBSlwL._SL500_AA240_.jpg
― titchyschneiderMk2, Monday, 8 December 2008 15:53 (seventeen years ago)
Classic as fuck. Needs a serious comeback today. The world would be better off.
― billstevejim, Monday, 8 December 2008 18:55 (seventeen years ago)
Got to thinking about the Uptown's Kicking It video today. A few thoughts hit me:
This was 1986.
1.) Although not exactly New Jack Swing, this is the seed that became New Jack Swing. Andre Harrell's first hit (during a time when Rap music was almost never top 40), especially Groove B Chill's R&B singing on a Hip-Hop beat (DMX beat, for those who keep score on that type of thing). This was 2 years before Teddy Riley and Guy broke through as Harrell's charting act.
2.) A posse cut, similar to the climax of Russell Simmons' Krush Groove.
3.) Russell Simmon's had just negotiated the first big M&D deal for an indie rap label only months prior, signing Def Jam to Columbia. This video is depicting Harrell's signing Uptown's M&D deal with MCA.
Seems Harrell was trying to compete with Def Jam at their own game, but the difference was, Harrell was trying to maximize the audience since 80s Hip-Hop was mostly a male fanbase. Harrell made sure to have elements that would secure a female fanbase also. Heavy D's Overweight Lover persona is a great example.
The irony is Harrell dropped the ball in the early 90s, and Puffy took the show to Bad Boy, ditching the New Jack Swing thing immediately, which may be what killed the subgenre.
(1985) Krush Groove All Stars - Krush Groovin'
(1986) Uptown Crew - Uptown's Kicking It
(1988) Guy - Groove Me
― robot@ilxor.com (PappaWheelie V), Sunday, 18 January 2009 23:51 (sixteen years ago)
Contemporary R&B < New Jack Swing <<<< Early 80s synthy jazz funk
― Geir Hongro, Tuesday, 20 January 2009 00:49 (sixteen years ago)
You can new jack swing on...oh wait, never mind.
Seriously though, I mean come on! Even the genre's very name is annoying as hell.
― Myonga Vön Bontee, Tuesday, 20 January 2009 07:56 (sixteen years ago)
hating on Guy = dog shit eating
― Lettuce C.U.P. (PappaWheelie V), Tuesday, 20 January 2009 08:05 (sixteen years ago)
PappaWheelie 100% OTM for all time
― J0hn D., Tuesday, 20 January 2009 08:28 (sixteen years ago)
The obv just occurred to me. Teddy Riley's programming style was partly lifted from DC Go-Go
― BAROQUE AS A JOKE! (PappaWheelie V), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 07:15 (sixteen years ago)
Didn't we have a discussion about that a month ago or so?
― The Reverend, Wednesday, 28 January 2009 07:29 (sixteen years ago)
Stevie Wonder in the 90s and Beyond (S/D)
― The Reverend, Wednesday, 28 January 2009 07:40 (sixteen years ago)
i've burned my neurons
― BAROQUE AS A JOKE! (PappaWheelie V), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 07:48 (sixteen years ago)
was thinking about this not long ago -- was new jack swing the last time swing beats had top-40 prominence? (i mean, apart from whatever small incursion the cherry poppin daddies et al made.) or are there some later examples i'm not aware/thinking of? i can think of a lot of rappers who could have fun with swung cadences, but it's like it's gone out of the beat vocabulary.
― paper plans (tipsy mothra), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 07:59 (sixteen years ago)
There are certainly isolated incidents all over the place. The only other recent time I can think of where there was a definite, if small, movement toward swung beats in US top-40 was circa-2000 when you had a few UK garage and domestic UKG-influenced (thinking like Janet Jackson's "Doesn't Really Matter") tracks bothering the pop charts.
― The Reverend, Wednesday, 28 January 2009 08:07 (sixteen years ago)
puffy didnt really 'kill' new jack swing - the early jodeci songs for example were pretty swing-y. but he kept the hip hop influenced R&B thing going and so he adapted to the changes in hip hop too, hence whats the 411.
i dont get the discussion about new jack swing beats being the last time 'swing' beats were in the top 40. swingbeat = new jack swing. unless youre talking about swing in the jazz sense.
― uk grime faggot (titchyschneiderMk2), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 15:23 (sixteen years ago)
(or in the 'swing' in the more general rhythmic sense, in which case, even something like a milli has a certain swing to it)
― uk grime faggot (titchyschneiderMk2), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 16:10 (sixteen years ago)
― Tracer Hand, Wednesday, 28 January 2009 16:24 (sixteen years ago)
― Tracer Hand, Wednesday, 28 January 2009 16:27 (sixteen years ago)
haha true enough, i guess i just mentally classify all that glammy shuffle/schaffel stuff differently. they're swing beats, but ... they don't swing? it's not even that they're programmed, because so was a lot of the new jack stuff. but they're deliberately mechanistic. anyway, fair point.
― paper plans (tipsy mothra), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 16:50 (sixteen years ago)
(the question of whether all 6/8 beats are de facto swing beats gets into quasi-mystical territory, really. i'd argue no, but i don't think i have the theoretical vocabulary to make the case.)
― paper plans (tipsy mothra), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 16:55 (sixteen years ago)
ba-dump ba-dump ba-dump
that said, a hell of a lot of new jack swing didn't have a swing beat
― Tracer Hand, Wednesday, 28 January 2009 16:57 (sixteen years ago)
most of it did tho. even something like "my prerogative" that doesn't immediately signify "swing" is actually swinging when you get down into the 8th and 16th notes.
― paper plans (tipsy mothra), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 17:00 (sixteen years ago)
no, it just had swing. even something like clipses grindin has just enough swing to stop it being totally cyborg like. NJS was just syncopated, like most of the hip hop at the time was.
― uk grime faggot (titchyschneiderMk2), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 19:12 (sixteen years ago)
*but even
right, well "having swing" vs. having a "swing beat." i guess there's still plenty of swing in r&b, it's just taken different forms. like the way it's a largely implied concept in a lot of timbaland production.
― paper plans (tipsy mothra), Wednesday, 28 January 2009 19:38 (sixteen years ago)
Does Johnny Gill say, "Peanut Butter, Peanut Butter" about 15 seconds in? His rudimentary scat that opens this has always been my least favorite part.
― EZ Snappin, Tuesday, 24 March 2009 17:08 (sixteen years ago)
Oh god, i was going to revive this thread yesterday to wax rhapsodic about "Rub You the Right Way."
― The Screaming Lobster of Challops (Alfred, Lord Sotosyn), Tuesday, 24 March 2009 17:10 (sixteen years ago)
Please wax! Johnny Gill is underloved, IMO.
― EZ Snappin, Tuesday, 24 March 2009 17:13 (sixteen years ago)
I could go on about the marvels of Jam-Lewis, but in a career full of them, "Rub You" is their hardest, densest song. Gill's voice is perfect for it. This thing is Front 242 distilled into purest pop.
― The Screaming Lobster of Challops (Alfred, Lord Sotosyn), Tuesday, 24 March 2009 17:17 (sixteen years ago)
I agree; I hear it as Jam & Lewis acknowledging and upping Teddy Riley's production style. Interesting idea re: Front 242.
― EZ Snappin, Tuesday, 24 March 2009 17:30 (sixteen years ago)
Wow. Those were the days when you could get away with slinging that Bobby Byrd breakbeat (which has a straight 16ths feel) over the top of a beat that includes snares quantized to 24ths (swingbeat). The combination of snare shuffles sounds like a mess.
― dubmill, Tuesday, 24 March 2009 18:29 (sixteen years ago)
I love that combo! I hear what you're saying, but I have no problems with it at all. To each their own; I miss New Jack Swing and weird snare mashups.
― EZ Snappin, Tuesday, 24 March 2009 19:53 (sixteen years ago)
I used to like the kick drum mashups that were a byproduct of multiple drum loops playing on top of each other and/or with added programmed kick (combined kick would sound like 'schluum' instead of 'duuum'). But the snares on that are a bit too far off for my liking.
Actually you can hear a little bit of the flammed kick effect I'm talking about on this (coincidentally also features a much tidier use of the Bobby Byrd loop):
One of my favourites from that era.
― dubmill, Tuesday, 24 March 2009 20:09 (sixteen years ago)
can we post the hardest, most industrial jam & lewis productions on this thread?
i can't find it online but i'm currently blasting "the yoke (g.u.o.t.r.)" by alexander o'neil from all true man - the beat would make adrian sherwood blush!
― rio (r1o natsume), Tuesday, 24 March 2009 20:10 (sixteen years ago)
That's the only O'Neal I don't own. I haven't heard the title track in years.
― The Screaming Lobster of Challops (Alfred, Lord Sotosyn), Tuesday, 24 March 2009 20:12 (sixteen years ago)
^^^ this! i would like to hear some more of these. please post.
― hate the players, don't hate the game (daria-g), Tuesday, 30 June 2009 22:21 (sixteen years ago)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fquGNHiEG-4
― Ømår Littel (Jordan), Tuesday, 30 June 2009 22:24 (sixteen years ago)
that is one of my top 5 favorite janet songs no doubt. i listen to control/rhythm nation/janet all the time.
got anything kind of obscure?
― hate the players, don't hate the game (daria-g), Tuesday, 30 June 2009 22:37 (sixteen years ago)
hmmm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wVC7wukrZY
― Ømår Littel (Jordan), Tuesday, 30 June 2009 22:42 (sixteen years ago)
what's that sample from in 'if' btw? at the beginning there & from the breakdown? i heard the track at some point but cannot remember at all..
― hate the players, don't hate the game (daria-g), Tuesday, 30 June 2009 22:42 (sixteen years ago)
is that an EPMD sample @ mc lyte song?
― hate the players, don't hate the game (daria-g), Tuesday, 30 June 2009 22:43 (sixteen years ago)
thanks wikipedia: . The track contains a sample from Diana Ross & the Supremes' 1969 song "Someday We'll Be Together",
― Ømår Littel (Jordan), Tuesday, 30 June 2009 22:47 (sixteen years ago)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pz2wwMd2crY
― steenpunk (The Reverend), Wednesday, 18 November 2009 22:04 (sixteen years ago)
the part where he's speaking to the dogs in all the different languages XD
― steenpunk (The Reverend), Wednesday, 18 November 2009 22:11 (sixteen years ago)
!!!! love that Aaron Hall Dog Rehab clip.
― Tannenbaum Schmidt, Thursday, 19 November 2009 00:04 (sixteen years ago)
best 10 minutes i ever spent, dunno where to begin 4real
― r|t|c, Thursday, 19 November 2009 00:15 (sixteen years ago)
"i've always told the president of the label.. i had to have dogs in my videos. cos thats who i am, i'm not just a singer"
― r|t|c, Thursday, 19 November 2009 00:18 (sixteen years ago)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uP7uIeoWN5k
― r|t|c, Thursday, 19 November 2009 00:24 (sixteen years ago)
god bless you aaron hall.
― I don't know if it's just the smurfiness of it or what (M@tt He1ges0n), Thursday, 19 November 2009 00:43 (sixteen years ago)
― The Screaming Lobster of Challops (Alfred, Lord Sotosyn), Tuesday, March 24, 2009 12:10 PM (eleven years ago) bookmarkflaglink
Oh god, I revived this thread just now to do that precise thing.
I thought Johnny sang something about a 'pile of tenderness' but the internet tells me that it's 'applied with tenderness'. Which is much more palatable.
I got a little over-excited just now when I remembered that I put together a comprehensive Jam & Lewis playlist years ago.
― Please Hammer Stop Hurting 'Em (Old Lunch), Wednesday, 24 February 2021 16:50 (four years ago)
a pile-on of tenderness, what could be better than that?
― Long Tall Arsetee & the Shaker Intros (breastcrawl), Wednesday, 24 February 2021 17:08 (four years ago)
Speaking of Johnny Gill, I don't think I've ever heard 'The Floor' before but that shit is tiiiiight
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPrgP8N6EW8
I love that the synth line sounds like a sample from Haunted House for the Atari 2600.
― Chokeslamming A Memory (Old Lunch), Monday, 1 March 2021 20:03 (four years ago)
Doing a '93 deep dive atm, never heard this hot little number before either
Christopher Williams - 'Every Little Thing U Do'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gXFR14b3x8
― Chokeslamming A Memory (Old Lunch), Tuesday, 2 March 2021 13:29 (four years ago)