Aidez-moi! American English

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Howdy Pardners!

I need to be able to produce convincing American English for work purposes. Can anyone recommend a good book? I don't mean a list of different words, I mean constructions and all that how's your father. Neither do I need to go into the ins and outs of Louisiana swamp pronunciation, although I wouldn't mind, to be honest.

Good all-round overview, serious in intent, is what I'm after.

PS: I am from Merrie England.

Many thanks.

PJ Miller (PJ Miller), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:03 (twenty-one years ago)

The Holy Bible

Gossamer Lightstone, Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:06 (twenty-one years ago)

Don't y'all go to the movies?

Wooden (Wooden), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:07 (twenty-one years ago)

but the Manic street preachers are from Wales?????

I think you have to put eh? on the end of each sentence, and say things like "I've been aboot in a boot"

sorry I couldn't be more helpful

Porkpie (porkpie), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:08 (twenty-one years ago)

Step one: Stop saying "how's your father."

n/a (Nick A.), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:08 (twenty-one years ago)

Read American magazines. Or talk to ILE people.

Orbit (Orbit), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:10 (twenty-one years ago)

Bryan Garner's "A Dictionary of Modern American Usage."

Nemo (JND), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:10 (twenty-one years ago)

i'm not sure how much of a difference there is, unless you go into stereotypical regional dialect kind of stuff that wouldn't actually appear in written form unless exaggerated for comic effect (ie, "y'all").

lauren (laurenp), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:10 (twenty-one years ago)

http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340808349/qid=1100798110/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_10_2/202-9250984-8310232
This is a good book, of which we have an earlier edition at work. (Or at least, we have the accompanying audio cassettes; I think the book went missing.)

Archel (Archel), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:12 (twenty-one years ago)

Yeah, I think Nabisco once said that what are "American jokes" in the UK are the same thing as "Texas jokes" in the US.

Sanjay McDougal (jaymc), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:13 (twenty-one years ago)

Begin every sentence with OMG YOU GUYZ WTF LOL LOL LOL.

Leon the Fratboy (Ex Leon), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:13 (twenty-one years ago)

I think the book went missing.

that's a good example. things don't go missing in american english, they're lost.

lauren (laurenp), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:15 (twenty-one years ago)

The thing I notice most--some sentence constructions are slightly different. "Aren't you studying?" becomes "Are you not studying?" in the UK, and similarly, "Are you supposed to be studying?" becomes "Are you meant to be studying?" etc. which is more of a vocab. choice thing. I could come up with lots of these examples but I'm afraid that's only from experience (er, heh) and not from book learnin'. What kind of writing is it?

sgs (sgs), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:16 (twenty-one years ago)

The one I remember being thrown by in the UK was "Are you all right?" I was like, "Yeah, I'm fine, why? Do I not look all right? What happened? What's wrong?" Whereas I guess it's more benign, more like a "How are you doing?"

jaymc (jaymc), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:19 (twenty-one years ago)

Take the 's' off the end of 'maths'.

Matt DC (Matt DC), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:20 (twenty-one years ago)

i agree with sgs, i'll notice when things are different, but haven't ever found a book that would explain all the rules.

if it's short enough, why don't you post it here and all us americans can tell you what you've done all funny?

colette (a2lette), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:21 (twenty-one years ago)

Thank you, Nemo. I have Bryan A. Garner's "A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage" if it's the same person. I like him a lot, I will check it out.

Thanks to the rest of you too. I do go to the pictures, yes. And I have read things by Americans too. It does not follow that I can produce it convincingly.

I see that it is the same Bryan Garner - there is also one called "The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style", which sounds even more spot-on. I will have to have a little look-see.

I knew I could rely on the ILX massive.

SGS: It's translating more than writing, I don't know anything else yet. But the things you mention are what I'm interested in.

That one looks good too, Archel.

PJ Miller (PJ Miller), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:24 (twenty-one years ago)

that book Archel recommended looks good. Also something to keep in mind--Standard Written English for many people can be like learning a new dialect. If someone spoke in it all the time, their way of speaking would be noticeably different to everyone else.

xpost ah ok. Translation seems to me full of potential idiom problems. Although maybe I'm imagining. Has anyone mentioned Strunk and White yet? If not, their books may be useful to check for the SWE rules etc.

sgs (sgs), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:28 (twenty-one years ago)

and put the s on the end of 'sport'!

teeny (teeny), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:35 (twenty-one years ago)

End every declarative with "you know what I'm sayin'?"

briania (briania), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:36 (twenty-one years ago)

Bryan Garner's "A Dictionary of Modern American Usage" signed, sealed, ordered, it's mine. Just got to wait for it now.

Clever, clever Nemo!

SGS: To be honest, I just want to put American English on my CV, I'm told it works wonders. Unusually, I would like to be able to back it up.

PJ Miller (PJ Miller), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:43 (twenty-one years ago)

End every declarative with "you know what I'm sayin'?"

Or better: "Know'msayn'?"

Sanjay McDougal (jaymc), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:45 (twenty-one years ago)

really? you can put it on your cv?

lauren (laurenp), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:49 (twenty-one years ago)

I'm going to put American English on my CV.
Another good thing to say: "AYO! I'M WALKIN' HERE!"

n/a (Nick A.), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:51 (twenty-one years ago)

Garner's is good! I know grammar mavens who swear by it.

sgs (sgs), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:52 (twenty-one years ago)

The Bryan Garner book is very good. If you like his legal book, you'll find this one useful, as well, I hope.

(David Foster Wallace wrote a long review of it in Harper's a few years ago, which might be worth tracking down, if you're interested. I remember it being pretty funny, and informative.)

Nemo (JND), Thursday, 18 November 2004 17:56 (twenty-one years ago)

oh yeah, I read that article--mentioned how his mom would pretend she was choking at the dinner table until whoever had spoken erroneously would correct his or her grammar. What did he call her grammar sticklerism? "Snoot" or something. The article's long but good.

sgs (sgs), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:04 (twenty-one years ago)

Yes, "snoot," I think. I exhibit symptoms of it myself at times.

Nemo (JND), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:08 (twenty-one years ago)

I used to. Now I just don't give a fuck most of the time.

sgs (sgs), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:08 (twenty-one years ago)

Another good thing to say: "AYO! I'M WALKIN' HERE!"

haha, not sure why this made me laugh so much

phil-two (phil-two), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:10 (twenty-one years ago)

(the thing that always gets me are american newspaper headlines like this one (ok, from The Onion):

"Microsoft patents ones, zeros"

which we just wouldn't do over here, the comma thing.)

(ps, i do have that Cryff cover you mentioned.)

koogs (koogs), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:31 (twenty-one years ago)

Apprently no one in Britain says "gotten." I can't remember where I heard this, but I've been incredibly circumspect about using it over here in London ever since, but some things just don't sound right with "got" i.e. "had he got it yet by the time you called?" or "some people still haven't got over the election results"

You've Got to Pick Up Every Stitch (tracerhand), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:50 (twenty-one years ago)

"his only begot Son"

You've Got to Pick Up Every Stitch (tracerhand), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:50 (twenty-one years ago)

http://www.bartleby.com/64/C003/0144.html
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/aue/gotten.html

teeny (teeny), Thursday, 18 November 2004 18:56 (twenty-one years ago)

Lots of Americanisms are actually very old, like "gotten," which was common in England in the 17th century, but has since disappeared there. The word "sassy" is an Americanism, too, from the 17th-century pronunciation of "saucy." I remember reading somewhere that the silent "r" in British English is the result of an 18th-century affectation, and that's why it never traveled to the U.S. In many ways modern American English is more old-fashioned than modern British English, which seems counterintuitive.

Nemo (JND), Thursday, 18 November 2004 19:03 (twenty-one years ago)

I've heard the same thing said of Canadian French.

Michael White (Hereward), Thursday, 18 November 2004 19:04 (twenty-one years ago)

Yes, it's true for the Quebecois, and for Mexican Spanish, as well. It seems mainly to be a function of how much trade/contact went on with the mother country. American English speakers on the East Coast, where there are lots of port cities, are more likely to drop their "r"s than people in the hinterland. With all the trade and communications going on now between the English-speaking countries I wonder if in a hundred years New Yorkers and Londoners (for example) might sound more alike than they do now.

Nemo (JND), Thursday, 18 November 2004 19:09 (twenty-one years ago)

This book is taking donkey's to arrive. I've been waiting for yonks. If it doesn't come soon I'll get a right bag on.

Puddin'Head Miller (PJ Miller), Monday, 29 November 2004 17:32 (twenty-one years ago)

Some things I've noticed:

You don't "take" things anywhere, you always "bring"

Nobody knows what a fortnight is.

Louisiana: Y'all is treated as singular, not plural. The plural is "y'alls". A waitress will ask me "how y'all doing today?"but ask the table, "how y'alls doing?"

Many people ask for permission where Brits would announce their intentions "Guess what!" or "I need to tell you this!" becomes "Can I tell you about something that happened to me today?" Or "Do you know X?" becomes "Can I ask you a question?"

Going to hospital/doctor/school becomes going to the hospital/doctor/school.

stet (stet), Monday, 29 November 2004 17:46 (twenty-one years ago)

I thought "y'all's" was the possessive of "y'all" in certain states, as in "Can I borrow y'all's chair?"

You go to the hospital, to the doctor, but to school. If you said you were going to the school, it makes me think of the school building, that you are not going there to attend classes, but that you are a grownup going to pick something up, drop something off, attend a parent-teacher conference, etc.

Ken L (Ken L), Monday, 29 November 2004 17:58 (twenty-one years ago)

Ken is correct in regard to "y'all's". I've never heard it used the way stet describes (and I spent much of my youth in the south and my entire family lives there). "Y'all" is NEVER singular anywhere except in Yankees' imaginations.

Nemo (JND), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:22 (twenty-one years ago)

Going to hospital/doctor/school becomes going to the hospital/doctor/school.

this is actually pretty tricky in american english! yes you do "go to the hospital" and "to the doctor" BUT you can "go to school" (ie: be a student) as well as "go to the school" (go to the building), saying the former where you mean the latter is ok (or at least intelligible) but not vice versa.

in/on problems abound as well. apparently its a regional thing to "wait on line" rather than "wait in line" for something, which is way wierd if u ask me. there are no "queues" in the country (unless you are in line to download something online. ya get meh?)

g--ff (gcannon), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:32 (twenty-one years ago)

Nemo, I think there is a special case where "y'all" might be interpreted as singular, when it is functioning as a "polite" plural. For example, if somebody, say a woman, were to say to you, "I was just wondering what y'all are doing tonight" I think it should be interpreted as "you SINGULAR plus whoever you might be hanging out with." To ask "what are YOU doing tonight" might be too intrusive.

Ken L (Ken L), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:36 (twenty-one years ago)

How is "you singular plus whomever you might be hanging out with" not "you plural"?

The Ghost of Dan Perry (Dan Perry), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:40 (twenty-one years ago)

I've never heard it truly singular either (though I have heard possessive plural like "yall'ses") but Louisiana I know nothing about(from Cali but grew up w/black SoCal dialect which is just softened southern drawl for the most part)

tremendoid (tremendoid), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:40 (twenty-one years ago)

UK-->US

"at the weekend" = "on the weekend"
"what's on" = "what's going on"

Sanjay McDougal (jaymc), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:41 (twenty-one years ago)

How is "you singular plus whomever you might be hanging out with" not "you plural"?
Well, if you're by yourself it's just you, isn't it? One person, singular. If you didn't understand this nuance, you might think you were being invited out on a date plus chaperone of your choosing.

Ken L (Ken L), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:44 (twenty-one years ago)

Yes, Ken, there are cases like you describe, but "y'all" isn't really being used singularly in them. As you say, somebody else, even a hypothetical someone else, is being implied. Nobody would ever say "Y'all look great" if you were the only other person in the room. And you're right to point out that it's a "polite" plural. They do love manners and etiquette in the south, after all.

Nemo (JND), Monday, 29 November 2004 18:54 (twenty-one years ago)

No one would say "y'all" in that situation unless it had already been implied/intimated/stated that other people could be involved, hence it's a straightforward plural usage.

The Ghost of Dan Perry (Dan Perry), Monday, 29 November 2004 19:02 (twenty-one years ago)

You don't "take" things anywhere, you always "bring"


Surely not. We say "take" all the time.

roxymuzak (roxymuzak), Monday, 29 November 2004 19:09 (twenty-one years ago)

xpost
Maybe, but I think "What are y'all doing tonight?" has a slightly different meaning from somebody up north saying "What are you guys doing tonight?" I'd be interested to see why stet made his original remark about this. All in all, I think Nemo just explained it pretty well.

Ken L (Ken L), Monday, 29 November 2004 19:11 (twenty-one years ago)

You don't "take" things anywhere, you always "bring"

http://www.vinylparadise.com/goodlp/5/ahaa00w1.jpg

Take on Me

vs.

http://www.angehr.com/images/bush-face.jpg

Bring it on

Michael White (Hereward), Monday, 29 November 2004 19:16 (twenty-one years ago)

You don't specify whether the American English will be spoken of written. Your willingness to discuss pronunciation implies you must produce spoken American English. Because this is a written venue, it is probably not a good place to learn an American accent. However, you should be able to rent some of the many thousands of Hollywood films for close study and appreciation.

I would strongly recommend modeling your accent upon the relatively bland West Coast accent, as this is the 'BBC accent' of the USA. Next best would be a midwestern accent. Do NOT attempt southern, Boston or Brooklynese accents. You have been warned.

If you are looking for hints about sentence construction, idioms and usages, then the difficulty here is that the differences are numerous, but slight. It is very easy to let a telltale Britishism slip in unnoticed.

Try to purge your language of color. Be as matter of fact as possible. If you have a small stock of American phrases, learned from films or tv, use only the least colorful. Do NOT attempt to sound like a rapper, Grandpa Simpson or Yogi Berra.

Smile a lot, in a near-simpering vein. Be a touch too enthusiastic and ingratiating. Say "okay" more than is strictly necessary. This should help.

Aimless (Aimless), Monday, 29 November 2004 19:24 (twenty-one years ago)

"Have you done it yet?" becomes "Did you do it yet?"
"I've already seen it" becomes "I already saw it"
"Have you ever been to Paris?" becomes "Did you ever go to Paris?"
etc.

The Horse of Babylon (the pirate king), Monday, 29 November 2004 21:58 (twenty-one years ago)

Wrong, wrong, and wrong.

n/a (Nick A.), Monday, 29 November 2004 21:59 (twenty-one years ago)

No. Without getting into the first two examples (where I think both are applicable in different situations, I'm just trying to figure out how) -- I've never heard anyone say, "Did you ever go to Paris?" when they mean "Have you ever been to Paris?" A sentence beginning with "Did you ever go..." implies an opportunity in the past, such as "Did you ever go to that French pastry shop BEFORE IT SHUT DOWN?" or "Did you ever go to Paris WHEN YOU WERE IN EUROPE LAST YEAR?" But since the opportunity to visit Paris still exists, the sentence doesn't make sense.

Sanjay McDougal (jaymc), Monday, 29 November 2004 22:05 (twenty-one years ago)

xpost
the statements in your third example aren't equivalent(as far as common usage)

tremendoid (tremendoid), Monday, 29 November 2004 22:08 (twenty-one years ago)

make that xxpost, and I agree the first two examples are iffy/depend on circumstances.

tremendoid (tremendoid), Monday, 29 November 2004 22:09 (twenty-one years ago)

yeah seriously, where do you people get this stuff? xpost

roxymuzak (roxymuzak), Monday, 29 November 2004 22:10 (twenty-one years ago)

OK, I'll take it all back.

The Horse of Babylon (the pirate king), Monday, 29 November 2004 22:16 (twenty-one years ago)

Yeah, you better.

n/a (Nick A.), Monday, 29 November 2004 22:22 (twenty-one years ago)

Otherwise you can consider it broughten, bitch.

(this is what you should say in America, btw)

Allyzay Science Explosion (allyzay), Monday, 29 November 2004 23:50 (twenty-one years ago)

"Where is the toilet?" -> "CONSIDER IT BROUGHTEN, BITCH!!!!!"

The Ghost of Dan Perry (Dan Perry), Monday, 29 November 2004 23:51 (twenty-one years ago)

"branght" will work also

cinniblount (James Blount), Monday, 29 November 2004 23:52 (twenty-one years ago)

Not around my dad, "brangt" or variations somesuch will send him into FITS about speaking proper. Keep in mind he still says "dungarees" instead of "jeans" and the man kept referring to the Raiders as "Oakland" the entire 80s.

Allyzay Science Explosion (allyzay), Monday, 29 November 2004 23:59 (twenty-one years ago)

Does he call a stereo a "hifi"?

Ken L (Ken L), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 00:02 (twenty-one years ago)

What does he call thermoses??????

The Ghost of Dan Perry (Dan Perry), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 00:02 (twenty-one years ago)

Was the thermos bottle called something different in days of yore?

Ken L (Ken L), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 00:05 (twenty-one years ago)

I dunno but you should ask him what he calls Kennedy Airport sometime.

Allyzay Science Explosion (allyzay), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 00:06 (twenty-one years ago)

He's still calling it that?

Ken L (Ken L), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 00:07 (twenty-one years ago)

omg IDLEWILD!!!!!!!

cinniblount (James Blount), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 00:07 (twenty-one years ago)

I apologise for inadvertently re-opening this can of worms. I should have known better.

Puddin'Head Miller (PJ Miller), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 09:15 (twenty-one years ago)

"Have you ever been to Paris?" becomes "Did you ever go to Paris?"

No it doesn't, it becomes "Did you ever go to Paris, France?"

We Buy a Hammer For Dadaismus (Dada), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 12:05 (twenty-one years ago)

Yeah, if you haven't spoken to someone for a while, and when you last saw them they were planning to go to Paris, you could say 'did you ever go to Paris?'. This is, of course, different from 'have you ever been to Paris?'.

Kevin Gilchrist (Mr Fusion), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 12:15 (twenty-one years ago)

"Have you ever finished the crossword in the London Times?"

We Buy a Hammer For Dadaismus (Dada), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 12:19 (twenty-one years ago)

Roxymuzac [2:44 PM]: ken, people don't really say 'haw'.
Redbulldozers [2:44 PM]: aww
Redbulldozers [2:44 PM]: i'm not coming.

roxymuzak (roxymuzak), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 19:43 (twenty-one years ago)

I'm sure there are plenty of Southerners who say "haw."

n/a (Nick A.), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 19:45 (twenty-one years ago)

A Scottish friend of mine is fond of shouting "HOT DOG!" and "HAMBURGER!" when he visits the States. Just sort of randomly.

Sanjay McDougal (jaymc), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 19:46 (twenty-one years ago)

I have never met a single person that says the word "haw" aloud.

roxymuzak (roxymuzak), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 22:20 (twenty-one years ago)

then obviously you've never met me.

trigonalmayhem (trigonalmayhem), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 22:21 (twenty-one years ago)

I will start.

n/a (Nick A.), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 22:27 (twenty-one years ago)

What about the word "nope"? Wasnt't that originally supposed to represent the word "no" with a stop at the end, but then people started pronouncing it as written? Similar to "ugh"?

Ken L (Ken L), Tuesday, 30 November 2004 22:28 (twenty-one years ago)

why would you put a "pe" to represent a stop when you could just use a stop, I wonder.

Allyzay Science Explosion (allyzay), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 01:30 (twenty-one years ago)

You're a novelist and not a linguist? IPA not available with primitive printing press technology?

Ken L (Ken L), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 01:39 (twenty-one years ago)

PJ I hope this thread is turning out as useful as you hoped it to be.

Ken L (Ken L), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 01:40 (twenty-one years ago)

But why would a period not be available on primitive printing press technology but a "p" and an "e" would be, I'm wondering.

Allyzay Science Explosion (allyzay), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 01:41 (twenty-one years ago)

Not a period. A "stop" or "glottal stop." The sound in the middle of the Cockney pronunciation of the word "bottle." Here's a classic on the subject.

http://www.bartleby.com/186/pages/page49.html

If Geir hits this thread, he can tell us about his neighbors the Danes, who eat glottal stops for breakfast, then spit them out all throughout the long Scandinavian day and night.

Ken L (Ken L), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 01:49 (twenty-one years ago)

But why would you need that on the end of the word "no" if you weren't going to pronounce it funny to begin with??? Oh I give up.

Allyzay Science Explosion (allyzay), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 01:50 (twenty-one years ago)

But you DO pronounce it funny! It's like the difference between the word "doe"" and when Homer Simpson says "Doh!"

Ken L (Ken L), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 02:03 (twenty-one years ago)

I don't know anyone who pronounces no like that!

Allyzay Science Explosion (allyzay), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 03:10 (twenty-one years ago)

I give up. Look it up in the Webster's 10th Collegiate dictionary or 11th, if they've gone to eleven.

Ken L (Ken L), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 03:31 (twenty-one years ago)

Oh, they've gone to 11, all right.

Sanjay McDougal (jaymc), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 04:03 (twenty-one years ago)

It has been useful, yes. Wheat and chaff, wheat and chaff.

Book still not arrived. Now that would be useful.

Puddin'Head Miller (PJ Miller), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 10:01 (twenty-one years ago)

"Have you done it yet?" becomes "Did you do it yet?"
"I've already seen it" becomes "I already saw it"
"Have you ever been to Paris?" becomes "Did you ever go to Paris?"
etc.

this is along the lines of what linguists call "do insertian"...another example would be:

US: "Do you have a pen?"
UK: "Have you got a pen?"

waxyjax (waxyjax), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 19:19 (twenty-one years ago)

oh yeah...do insertian is a uniquely north american english thing

waxyjax (waxyjax), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 19:21 (twenty-one years ago)

But we say both of those in the US!

Nemo (JND), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 19:22 (twenty-one years ago)

true!

i should also specify that the type of do-insertion where DO is in the front of an interrogative sentence is uniquely north american. however, sentences like "What did you see last night?" is spoken outside of north america.

...oh and i misspelled insertion in my last two posts ;-\

waxyjax (waxyjax), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 19:36 (twenty-one years ago)

"Have you got" is not totally unfamiliar in North America, but I do think we say it less often, because we're taught from an early age that "got" shouldn't be used when you can say "have" -- for instance, "I have a pen" rather than "I got a pen." Even though it's a different sort of sentence, I think we're prone to making the do-insertion as a way to avoid "got."

jaymc (jaymc), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 19:49 (twenty-one years ago)

When I eventually get this book, I'm going to photocopy it and send it to all of you. It will be quicker, even though it's taking a long time to arrive.

Puddin'Head Miller (PJ Miller), Wednesday, 1 December 2004 20:07 (twenty-one years ago)


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