How far can dislike of Hip-Hop and/or R&B go before you start levelling accusations of racism?

Message Bookmarked
Bookmark Removed
Or rather than "how far", what specific elements distinguish a racist Hip-Hop Hata from someone who just doesn't like the music itself? 'Cause sometimes I think the ILM mafia isn't sure...

Mr. Vegas, Thursday, 10 October 2002 19:24 (twenty-two years ago)

My mum once said hip-hop was only bought by black teenagers. Prompted by seeing Wyclef on TOTP, though.

Mr Swygart (mrswygart), Thursday, 10 October 2002 19:32 (twenty-two years ago)

"hip-hop was only bought by black teenagers. Prompted by seeing Wyclef..." - do any black teenagers by Wyclef cds?

James Blount (James Blount), Thursday, 10 October 2002 19:34 (twenty-two years ago)

*resiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisssssssssssssssstttt.......ARRRRRRRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH..............*

You cussin' my mum?

*k'uh! k'uh!*

Mr Swygart (mrswygart), Thursday, 10 October 2002 19:47 (twenty-two years ago)

Disliking hip hop often has to do with feeling culturally alienated or morally distant from it, which is fine. When music culture and skin color are perceived as being inextricably linked, people can begin to project certain values (generally those they fear, hate, or disapprove of) upon entire populations. Also a need to express value superiority in music (I HATE RAP CRAP) can lead to internalized notions of value superiority in skin.

Honda, Thursday, 10 October 2002 20:07 (twenty-two years ago)

some of my best friends are rappers.

brian badword (badwords), Thursday, 10 October 2002 20:39 (twenty-two years ago)

What about "I hate white rappers too"?

Siegbran (eofor), Thursday, 10 October 2002 20:53 (twenty-two years ago)

A passionate dislike of rap or r'n'b should not lead to accusations of racism, as the dislike can always be put down to an individual aesthetic musical preference. Only cry RACISM if the person brings in the music-maker's background or skin-colour as a reason they don't like the music.

weasel diesel (K1l14n), Thursday, 10 October 2002 20:58 (twenty-two years ago)

Siegbran, that's where the whole race-traitor / n***** lover dynamic comes in.

James Blount (James Blount), Thursday, 10 October 2002 23:31 (twenty-two years ago)

Disliking hip hop often has to do with feeling culturally alienated or morally distant from it, which is fine.
Mod up: +1 Insightful.
I can honestly say, I'm not a fanatic, but I have don't have a raging hard-on of hate either about rap/hip-hop. I've grown to love a few acts (Ice-T, PE, DHH), but most just goes in one ear and out the other without making itself "knowable" to me.
Here's an odd aside: Sometimes, certain flavors of hip-hop make me as a listener feel like an uninvited interloper into a culture hostile to me.
Like that scene in the Malcolm X movie where Denzel calmly tells the chipper white allies "Nothing. You can do nothing for me."
Brrrr.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Friday, 11 October 2002 02:37 (twenty-two years ago)

Oh...regarding R&B. I prefer Motown/Stax Soul to modern R&B. But that doesn't make me a bigot....just a Rockist.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Friday, 11 October 2002 02:39 (twenty-two years ago)

Mr Swygart, is your mum on Usenet Politics?

(a lot of people on there would say that ... some damn racist fools on those newsgroups who show their colours whenever music of any kind is mentioned, I'm afraid)

robin carmody (robin carmody), Friday, 11 October 2002 02:43 (twenty-two years ago)

"I prefer Motown/Stax Soul to modern R&B. But that doesn't make me a bigot....just a Rockist." - sooooooo true.

James Blount (James Blount), Friday, 11 October 2002 02:54 (twenty-two years ago)

Subthread: Temptations vs Boys II Men, FITE!

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Friday, 11 October 2002 02:57 (twenty-two years ago)

How far can dislike of Hip-Hop and/or R&B go before you start levelling accusations of racism?
jeez, i wish ethan were here. He'd have a solid, set in stone, scientifically peer-reviewed, canonical and categorical answer to this question.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Friday, 11 October 2002 03:04 (twenty-two years ago)

honestly i can't help but at least internally label someone as suspect if all they like is Eminem. of which there are an awful lot of those out there.


Al (sitcom), Friday, 11 October 2002 03:22 (twenty-two years ago)

haha everyone knows the worst racists are whiteboys who try to be "down" and but only like "hip-hop" for white college kids because they are afraid of the streets!

i miss my man biggie.

bdp were sellouts. who needs "teachers" if their beats ain't hard?

anyway i was listening to chicago today and those dudes could play!

haha, no.

Sterling Trife (s_clover), Friday, 11 October 2002 03:55 (twenty-two years ago)

haha!

James Blount (James Blount), Friday, 11 October 2002 04:01 (twenty-two years ago)

sterl i dont believe that first bit at all!! the rest is all trife as fuck though

s trife (simon_tr), Friday, 11 October 2002 04:45 (twenty-two years ago)

Oh Custos don't bring Motown into it: the hilarious thing about American racists is that they always really really love the way black people were thirty / fifty / two hundred years ago, when they behaved properly.

nabisco (nabisco), Friday, 11 October 2002 06:25 (twenty-two years ago)

yes how hilarious!! the ilm version of this hilarious quirk is everyone here who likes digital underground and ice cube better than fabolous and eminem

s trife (simon_tr), Friday, 11 October 2002 07:36 (twenty-two years ago)

* honestly i can't help but at least internally label someone as suspect if all they like is Eminem. of which there are an awful lot of those out there. *


same here... it was the way, back in 99 or 2000 or something, some NME poll of popstars in the xmas issue on their favourite albums that year, and Kelly jones and a bunch of similarly indie-rock no marks all went on record saying what a great story-teller 'nem is. and i just thought, there's plenty of black MCs who are great story tellers too - arguably better, tho it is of course always a question of taste - but they would never have sought out those artists because they perceived them as not *for* them... whereas an artists like Eminem is less threatenting, culturally (if not lyrically), because he is white. and also, it opens up the can of worms about how eminem has been embraced by the media, whereas if a black artist had made 'the slim shady LP', it woulda never crossed over the way it has. the elvis of rap is probably a course and unwieldy analogy, but, fuckit, its breakfast.

stevie (stevie), Friday, 11 October 2002 08:22 (twenty-two years ago)

The thing is I'm sort of wary of an argument which takes as its base the idea that the source of the biggest hip-hop controversies since "Cop Killer" is culturally unthreatening. It's truer to suggest that Eminem's whiteness made him both more marketable and more culturally threatening, I think: while hip-hop had got that kind of notoriety during NWA's heyday, since 1992 the kind of people who might have felt 'threatened' had more or less got used to it, or certainly used to dismissing it.

I realise this isn't exactly what you're talking about but I think the Kelly Jones attitude is tokenism not racism, i.e. the Kelly Jones equiv of 1993 would have been all over Arrested Development and I'm sure in 1989 there were plenty of people listing De La Soul as a year-end highlight next to the Wonder Stuff.

Tom (Groke), Friday, 11 October 2002 08:35 (twenty-two years ago)

it's an interesting question. if you go to a couple of music lists and someone will say strongly that they don't like hip-hop because it isn't musically that interesting other ppl seem to poke around to try and find a deeper reason for their dislike.

I've only seen it a couple of times. and on one of those that person was accused of racism.

before eminem the only white rapper (in the eyes of the media anyway) was vanilla ice. eminem can rap obv so that's why there is a lot of focus on him but also he has 'credibility', what with Dre, etc.

Julio Desouza (jdesouza), Friday, 11 October 2002 09:00 (twenty-two years ago)

Would it also be true to say that if you are non-white it's easier to tell if any given comment/action has racist undertones? Like Toraneko knowing that the whistling was harrassment not 'just whistling' on the notorious burka thread.

Tom (Groke), Friday, 11 October 2002 09:07 (twenty-two years ago)

yeah i think its easier. thre's a lot of history and ppl should consider that before making these accusations. but it is a lack of telepathy. you can only get into these discussions on the web mostly so misunderstandings occur (i haven't seen articles where hip-hop is attacked like that).

ppl who make these comments must be very sure of what they are saying before dismissing an entire genre. they should know their stuff (the person on that discussion group appeared not to).

Julio Desouza (jdesouza), Friday, 11 October 2002 09:18 (twenty-two years ago)

I think the "you don't like hip hop = you are racist" argument is automatically bullshit. However it's usually the rap-hatas who bring it upon themselves by trying to point to socially conscious reasons for hating the music - it's violent, it's nihilistic, it's socially destructive, it's overly capitalistic, it's sexist etc. etc. I think people are perfectly entitled to then ask whether the listener rejects *all* music which exhibits such characteristics or whether it's just hip hop that suffers from their ire. If the hip hop hatas are gonna gamble on self-righteousness then they should be prepared to answer such questions.

More likely than not they're not being racist, but rather trying to tart up what is a basic aesthetic dislike for beats and rhymes (or specific variations of such); on the other hand, I'm sure that a fair few people list such objections in the secret-but-firm belief that it is only or primarily black musicians who share them.

The issue of how certain critical discourses privilege "white" variations of "black" music is interesting but should be kept separate - it's hysterically hyperbolic to claim that a person who listens to DJ Shadow but no rap is racist. Foolish and misguided I'll allow.

Tim Finney (Tim Finney), Friday, 11 October 2002 09:44 (twenty-two years ago)

I'm not sure at all that only liking Eminem makes one racist. I *do* think there's there's a difference with his stuff. Something to do with him being white ha ha.

N. (nickdastoor), Friday, 11 October 2002 09:59 (twenty-two years ago)

Erm, it's really rather simple, isn't it?

Person who dislikes rap (and, by extension, RnB, blues, soul, reggae, Motown etc) based on skin colour of musicians = racist.

Person who dislike rap (while not necessarily RnB, blues, soul, reggae, Motown etc) based on musical preferences = not racist.

Piece of piss.

Matt DC (Matt DC), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:08 (twenty-two years ago)

But Matt this is what came up in the other thread too - very very few prejudiced people make public statements/actions that don't have some kind of 'plausible deniability'. i.e. guy whistles as woman walks by, woman is offended, guy can say "its just whistling". Obviously saying "I dont like rap" is not racist per se, but the question is - is rap-disliking something which can work like 'innocent' whistling? I suspect it's not, actually, but thats why I was asking any black people if they'd come across it in situations where it could have been used like that.

Tom (Groke), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:15 (twenty-two years ago)

I do sometimes think that spending time pinning down whether people are 'really' racist (if they don't say/believe they are) is a bit of a blind alley, more often done to score points than to eradicate racism.

N. (nickdastoor), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:18 (twenty-two years ago)

But "just whistling" in the proximity of a woman in the street can still mean different things. If you are wolf-whistling, for example, it'd be tricky to pass it off as "just whistling" - there's little that's actually plausible about that denial. If you are whistling "Oh I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside" then it is a different kettle of fish entirely. It's the nature of the whistle rather than the act of act of whistling.

Likewise, its the way in which a rap-hata expresses his dislike of rap that makes the difference. In many ways, any misunderstanding could be cleared up simply by looking at the person's record collection. But I suspect that, being non-white, I *do* look at this in a different way, as it seems blindly obvious to me most of the time whether a remark has racist connotations or not.

A further question, which is more complex, would be 'is it possible to not like ANY of the main "black music" genres without being labelled racist?'

Matt DC (Matt DC), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:28 (twenty-two years ago)

Steve Martin in the Jerk!

N. (nickdastoor), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:29 (twenty-two years ago)

before eminem the only white rapper (in the eyes of the media anyway) was vanilla ice
And the Beastie Boys of course.

Siegbran (eofor), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:31 (twenty-two years ago)

But the Beastie Boys were, broadly speaking, a rock band with rapping, and therefore likely to have a different audience. Eminem (and lest we forget Dre) isn't really musically different enough to justify only liking his records and no other rap.

Matt DC (Matt DC), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:34 (twenty-two years ago)

Oh Custos don't bring Motown into it: the hilarious thing about American racists is that they always really really love the way black people were thirty / fifty / two hundred years ago, when they behaved properly.
I don't care how they "behaved" back then. I just love the music alot. I will even propose the blasphemous idea that Motown was better than the Beatles.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:39 (twenty-two years ago)

Eminem (and lest we forget Dre) isn't really musically different enough to justify only liking his records and no other rap

Oh, musically, yeah. But why do you assume it's not to do with lyrics and general.. persona.

N. (nickdastoor), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:40 (twenty-two years ago)

...it's violent, it's nihilistic, it's socially destructive, it's overly capitalistic, it's sexist etc...
Quick, name one other genre that doesn't have any of these flaws.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:47 (twenty-two years ago)

Nick - yeah, I'll agree with the lyrics/persona thing - Eminem is speaking predominantly about and to white America, so I suspect the average white American relates far more to his records, in the same way that I relate more to The Streets than Ice Cube, for obvious reasons.

But is "relating" enough of a reason to justify liking something to the exclusion of everything else in the genre? I'm not sure.

Matt DC (Matt DC), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:48 (twenty-two years ago)

"...it's violent, it's nihilistic, it's socially destructive, it's overly capitalistic, it's sexist etc...
Quick, name one other genre that doesn't have any of these flaws."

Goa Trance.

Matt DC (Matt DC), Friday, 11 October 2002 10:49 (twenty-two years ago)

At (Old) Skool:

Me: "Yeah, I've been working on this list of the top30 Hip-Hop albums of all time with some colleagues (yes, I use the word 'colleagues', because most of my friends are guillible enough to think that writing for an internet website means something, and I'm not about to dispell that myth)"

Friend: "You're gonna include Eminem, right???"

Me: "GRRRRRRR"

I mean, I love Eminem and all, but I loathe the fact that so many guys at my school see him as some sort of idol (some type of entity, and they all probably wanna mention me..), while the only thing black rappers are good for at best is providing comic relief. Dunno how this relates to places where there actually is a sizeable black Hip-Hop community (the black communities here are mainly from Angola, Mozambique and Cap Verde, and despite "Africa Raps" none of them seem the least bit interested in Hip-Hop)

Daniel_Rf, Friday, 11 October 2002 13:02 (twenty-two years ago)

"But the Beastie Boys were, broadly speaking, a rock band with rapping, and therefore likely to have a different audience"

That's not in evidence from the sound of the first 2 albums, which didn't sound anything like a band was playing on them. I know they started as a punk rock band, and I know they've since played plenty on their records and live, but when I saw them touring LICENSE TO ILL, they played...not at all. They got known for their rapping, period.

matt riedl (veal), Friday, 11 October 2002 14:55 (twenty-two years ago)

"Oh Custos don't bring Motown into it: the hilarious thing about American racists is that they always really really love the way black people were thirty / fifty / two hundred years ago, when they behaved properly. "

Yeah I'm a racist because I like motown and not the current incarnation of RnB. It has nothing to do with the fact that musically, 60's soul/rnb has very little to do with what is considered soul/rnb today. And everything to do with the fact that I preferred the way black people behaved back then. Irregardless of the fact that I was either not yet born or a very small child at the time, and probably had no notion of the unfortunate concept of "race".

There are plenty of valid musical and lyrical reasons for disliking rap or rnb (i guess we have substituted rap for hip-hop which i'm sure isn't the same thing if you are a genre formalist). Musically, i often find the beats in rap uninspiring and the lack of melody/hooks makes me lose interest. In rnb (or whatever) I think there is too much focus on vocal gymnastics today and not enough focus on emotion. Also, the lack of actual acoustic instruments turns me off a bit. Lyrically, let's be honest, a lot of rap is pure braggadocio. Just doesn't appeal to me. "...it's violent, it's nihilistic, it's socially destructive, it's overly capitalistic, it's sexist etc..." is a shallow criticism, but sometimes valid, and can be applied to many genres, and not to mention it is easy to use as flamebait on a forum such as this. I'm sure people still write a good RnB lyric no and then, but because of my aversion to the stuff I probably am unlikely to discover it (and anyway, lyrics cannot make a song on their own for me).

Now I am not saying I hate all Rap and rnb and whatever, if you say that than maybe you do have issues or at least aren't too open minded about music. There are some things i like, LLCoolJ had a voice. So did Chuck D (and didn't most every white college boy love PE in the early 90s?) And I seem to recall some Snoop Dog tracks that had really good grooves. Of course I can appreciate stuff like De La Soul which sounds more like the kind of music i am typically into.

Bear in mind I really don't like any mainstream or chart genres for the most part, but seriously this has nothing to do with skin tone.

g (graysonlane), Friday, 11 October 2002 16:56 (twenty-two years ago)

Side thread: I'm amazed that no college-age honkeys even remember DHH...that would've been a perfect fit: they were the hip-hop worlds version of the Dead Kennedies. Fuck, they even did a cover of California Uber Alles which is slightly better than the original.
Another side thread: I don't see how an aging hippee who grew up on psychedelia could ever hate PM Dawn. If you have a PM Dawn CD and an aging Hippee relative, I say you should introduce them to each other. Its a match made in heaven.
And if you have a punk rocker freind who poo-poos hip-hop, introduce them to Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:25 (twenty-two years ago)

Or better yet, don't!

Tracer Hand (tracerhand), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:29 (twenty-two years ago)

and here I'd been going around thinking of Eminem primarily as comic relief!

M Matos (M Matos), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:31 (twenty-two years ago)

Hold your fucking horses, Custos and Grayson: that statement had nothing to do with either of you. All I said was that bringing black music of the past into the discussion is unhelpful, because it's a predictable quirk of the theoretical "racists" we're discussing (i.e., not you) to be very fond of however black people used to be.

Jeez, it's like the counterpart of black people who think everything happens because of racism: white people who get all defensive about racial accusations that were never even close to made.

nabisco (nabisco), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:34 (twenty-two years ago)

Nabisco beat me to it:

What is it with white people anyway? They always think everything has to do with race.

Sterling Clover (s_clover), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:36 (twenty-two years ago)

did dhh have fans that weren't college-age honkeys?

marek, Friday, 11 October 2002 17:41 (twenty-two years ago)

U2! (not college age anyway)

James Blount (James Blount), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:43 (twenty-two years ago)

thats an avalanche of a generalisation but whatever...

blueski, Friday, 11 October 2002 17:48 (twenty-two years ago)

"Nabisco beat me to it:
What is it with white people anyway? They always think everything has to do with race."

made me actually laugh

g (graysonlane), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:55 (twenty-two years ago)

fine, nabisco. anyway it's a predictable quirk of mine to bring up motown any time crrent rnb is mentioned

g (graysonlane), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:57 (twenty-two years ago)

you have to generalize before you can be specific though

g (graysonlane), Friday, 11 October 2002 17:57 (twenty-two years ago)

I admit that I am suspicious if someone dislikes all current black styles (we could mention reggae too, for instance), or only likes them when executed by white people (I am loathe to draw parallels between Eminem and UB40 here!). And I get very exasperated that great black artists are so often overlooked in favour of white acts, right from the days of Benny Goodman, King of Swing, through Elvis to the Beasties and Eminem (I love two of these, I'm not suggesting that these acts are automatically bad)

I also get annoyed when people tell me that act X is genre Y for white boys, and I feel as if I am supposed to justify having Eminem/De La/Beasties/Shadow or even Public Enemy albums by whatever the hell albums won't be looked at that way.

Martin Skidmore (Martin Skidmore), Saturday, 12 October 2002 11:15 (twenty-two years ago)

What have white people ever done for ME?

Dom Passantino (Dom Passantino), Saturday, 12 October 2002 11:41 (twenty-two years ago)

I don't like Huey Lewis, he sounds too black.

mt, Saturday, 12 October 2002 11:50 (twenty-two years ago)

What have white people ever done for ME?

Avril Lavringe!

Daniel_Rf, Saturday, 12 October 2002 12:03 (twenty-two years ago)

did dhh have fans that weren't college-age honkeys?
Uhhhh...nnnoooo....I frankly think songs like "Famous and Dandy (Just Like Amos and Andy)" struck so close to home that any gangsta rapper who heard it couldn't look at themselves in the mirror without feeling like a dupe and a fraud. And thus, they blamed the messenger. College-aged honkeys were the only ones who would give Michael Franti the time of day after that.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Monday, 14 October 2002 00:52 (twenty-two years ago)

Jeez, it's like the counterpart of black people who think everything happens because of racism: white people who get all defensive about racial accusations that were never even close to made.
Ahhhh, white liberal guilt...I'm so non-racist I don't even seperate my white clothes from my 'colored' clothes before I do a load of wash.
DESEGREGATE YOUR LAUNDRY!

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Monday, 14 October 2002 01:15 (twenty-two years ago)

custos youre astonishing

s trife (simon_tr), Monday, 14 October 2002 02:23 (twenty-two years ago)

if you don't like hiphop you are a big nerd!

boxcubed (boxcubed), Monday, 14 October 2002 02:46 (twenty-two years ago)

but seriously, how many people don't like hiphop because they don't think its smart enough? re: pete's focus group review of 'The Whole World'

boxcubed (boxcubed), Monday, 14 October 2002 02:56 (twenty-two years ago)

box c what did you mean when you said lol@*.* or whatever in that other thread

s trife (simon_tr), Monday, 14 October 2002 03:12 (twenty-two years ago)

there were several funny posts, so i just laughed at all of them (*.*)

boxcubed (boxcubed), Monday, 14 October 2002 03:23 (twenty-two years ago)

oh

s trife (simon_tr), Monday, 14 October 2002 03:28 (twenty-two years ago)

yeah, i dunno

boxcubed (boxcubed), Monday, 14 October 2002 03:32 (twenty-two years ago)

I admit that I am suspicious if someone dislikes all current black styles (we could mention reggae too, for instance), or only likes them when executed by white people...
What about if someone only likes "white music" played by black people. Is this person just being contrary or are they exhibiting White Liberal Guilt.

(I am loathe to draw parallels between Eminem and UB40 here!).
So mention Vanilla Ice or Snow instead.

I also get annoyed when people tell me that act X is genre Y for white boys, and I feel as if I am supposed to justify having Eminem/De La/Beasties/Shadow or even Public Enemy albums...
Well, thats when you tell them that the Geto Boys is just GG Allin for Black Folks.

Lord Custos Alpha (Lord Custos Alpha), Monday, 14 October 2002 14:25 (twenty-two years ago)

I was just thinking I'm not sure I really like most contemporary representatives of any stereotypically white genres, either.

I think old fogey-dom is more of a factor here than race.

Rockist Scientist, Monday, 14 October 2002 14:30 (twenty-two years ago)

What about if someone only likes "white music" played by black people.

What, like Charley Pryde? He's pretty good, yeah...

Martin Skidmore (Martin Skidmore), Monday, 14 October 2002 19:28 (twenty-two years ago)

eight months pass...
(on the other hand...)

Lord Custos Epsilon (Lord Custos Epsilon), Sunday, 29 June 2003 15:17 (twenty-two years ago)

What, like Charley Pryde? He's pretty good, yeah...

Huh, the album I have is spelled "Pride". He sings white music very well for a black guy. I had no idea he was black for some time. You've got to kiss an angel morning... when the new wears off your crystal chandalier... good stuff in a dorky kind of way.

I don't like much rap, but I do have a soft spot for some of it. What seems really STRANGE to me these days is the radio stations that say, "All the hits AND NO RAP". Are rap songs not hits? At this point, rap has been around so long that to make a specific point of denouncing it as part of the radio station's call letter announcement seems really wrong.

Scaredy Cat, Sunday, 29 June 2003 15:44 (twenty-two years ago)

Well, you've gotta make those baby boomers feel "safe" somehow.

Nate Patrin (Nate Patrin), Sunday, 29 June 2003 16:02 (twenty-two years ago)


You must be logged in to post. Please either login here, or if you are not registered, you may register here.